Does Israeli debt follow me abroad?

Not automatically, but an Israeli creditor can seek to enforce an Israeli court judgment in many foreign countries. Israel has reciprocal enforcement arrangements with numerous countries, and even without a formal treaty, courts in places like the UK, Germany, France, and the United States will often enforce a foreign judgment if it was obtained in a fair proceeding. Enforcement abroad is costly for the creditor — but for large debts it is commercially worthwhile.