Does the 10-year tax exemption apply to returning residents as well as new immigrants?

It depends on how long you were abroad. Veteran returning residents (toshavim chozrim vatikkim) who lived outside Israel for at least 10 consecutive years receive the same full 10-year exemption on all foreign income as new immigrants. Those who were abroad for between 6 and 10 years qualify as junior returning residents and receive a more limited 5-year exemption on certain types of foreign income under Section 14(c). If you returned after fewer than 6 years abroad, no special exemption applies.