Can an Israeli court divide a pension I built up before moving to Israel?

Only the portion that accrued during the marital period is subject to division. Under Section 5 of the Spouses' Property Relations Law, 1973, that period runs from the date of marriage — or the date both spouses established Israeli residency, whichever is later — to the date divorce proceedings were filed. Pension rights accumulated before that window belong solely to the contributing spouse.