Are non-compete agreements enforceable in Israel?

They can be, but rarely are in their standard form. Israeli courts strongly protect employees' right to earn a livelihood. A non-compete is most likely to be enforced when it protects genuine trade secrets, was separately compensated, and is narrowly scoped in duration (up to 12 months), geography, and activity. Broad, boilerplate non-competes without specific consideration are routinely struck down.